Cathinones are a very bad example because typically, their chemistry just goes:
- make appropriately ring-substituted phenylalkylketone (typically via Friedel-Crafts reaction)
- alpha-bromination of the ketone
- SN2 reaction with the appropriate amine
It is really extremely simple - generally spoken. There is nothing special about them.
Most competent chemists could come up with this scheme, without ever having read much about cathinone chemistry. Of course any decent chemist would look up the scientific literature anyways to see if they missed anything, or if there are any tricks or caveats.
I would suggest you get a good introductory organic chemistry book. Once you complete and understand that, you can further your interests. Learning "name reactions", there are many books about that, or for instance the "Reaxys Reaction Flash App". With a good understanding and knowledge of standard methodologies, you can dig into retrosynthetic analysis.
There is no secret/hidden literature, or at least not much (JCLIC comes to mind, but a lot of it is leaked). A lot of the information is already archived and available online. Sci-hub or Annas-archive can help you to avoid paying for articles published by criminally expensive and predatory journals. A lot of books can be found on annas-archive or library genesis. However, some older journals or book are not digitised and for that it helps to be a bookworm and going to university libraries.
It has to be admitted there is one advantage professional chemists have: typically they have access to good databases like Sci-Finder or Reaxys which help searching for reactions. If you are well connected with chemistry students, you may find people willing to help you searching the literature.
Much of "clandestine chemistry" is just finding ways to adapt to certain precursor restrictions or circumstances, but overall still following the known literature more or less. Very few people actually push the boundaries, but they do exist.