Synthèse du LSD à partir de l'acide lysergique via PyBOP
- Thread starter William D.
- Start date
Bonjour, quelqu'un connaît-il l'hydrolyse de l'ergotamine par le dithionite de sodium et le KOH ?
- By psy
Pourquoi utiliser du dithionite ? Vous essayez de l'hydrolyser, pas de le réduire. Vous avez deux doubles liaisons qui pourraient certainement être réduites, et comment êtes-vous censé obtenir un pH de 5 avec du KOH ?
Ce sujet est largement sous-estimé. Il semble carrément révolutionnaire par rapport à la façon dont j'ai appris à le fabriquer.
J'ai lu un échange dans lequel quelqu'un suggérait que l'ester méthylique pouvait se racémiser pendant l'hydrolyse. Est-ce un problème avec l'isomère d entiopure ? J'ai remarqué que le TLC n'est pas inclus dans la préparation.
Le rotovap est-il vraiment facultatif ? Cette méthode se rapproche de la synthèse en baignoire sans elle. Pas de chaleur ? Cela semble plus simple que le mdma ou l'amphétamine.
Qu'est-ce qui m'échappe ? Travaillons-nous sous lumière jaune ou rouge ? Quelles sont les principales complications ? Le produit final produit-il des isolsd ?
J'ai lu un échange dans lequel quelqu'un suggérait que l'ester méthylique pouvait se racémiser pendant l'hydrolyse. Est-ce un problème avec l'isomère d entiopure ? J'ai remarqué que le TLC n'est pas inclus dans la préparation.
Le rotovap est-il vraiment facultatif ? Cette méthode se rapproche de la synthèse en baignoire sans elle. Pas de chaleur ? Cela semble plus simple que le mdma ou l'amphétamine.
Qu'est-ce qui m'échappe ? Travaillons-nous sous lumière jaune ou rouge ? Quelles sont les principales complications ? Le produit final produit-il des isolsd ?
- By Nicoino
Obtenir un LA raisonnablement pur est un véritable casse-tête, presque toutes les hydrolyses conduisant à un produit brun/noir qui doit être purifié.
Même avec un LA de bonne qualité, le mélange de la réaction de couplage devient brun noir et le travail n'est pas aussi simple qu'on le dit (peut-être que si vous commencez avec des précurseurs 100% purs, des solvants dégazés et un équipement professionnel, vous avez une petite chance que cela ne se produise pas, mais pour le chimiste amateur, il faut s'attendre à une solution sombre).
La purification du produit n'est pas une plaisanterie si vous n'avez pas accès à la chromatographie sur colonne ou si vous ne voulez pas éliminer des litres de solvant sous vide.
Même avec un LA de bonne qualité, le mélange de la réaction de couplage devient brun noir et le travail n'est pas aussi simple qu'on le dit (peut-être que si vous commencez avec des précurseurs 100% purs, des solvants dégazés et un équipement professionnel, vous avez une petite chance que cela ne se produise pas, mais pour le chimiste amateur, il faut s'attendre à une solution sombre).
La purification du produit n'est pas une plaisanterie si vous n'avez pas accès à la chromatographie sur colonne ou si vous ne voulez pas éliminer des litres de solvant sous vide.
- By PlanckB1
C'est également ce que j'ai constaté lors de recristallisations répétées de l'acide lysergique issu de l'hydrolyse, qui aboutissent à une poudre dont la couleur brune s'éclaircit à chaque fois, mais qui n'est toujours pas aussi claire/pure que ce à quoi on pourrait s'attendre. Recommandez-vous la chromatographie sur colonne du LA ou seulement la chromatographie sur colonne du LSD libre final ?
- By Nicoino
Je ne pense pas que cela vaille la peine pour le LA, probablement avec un bon travail et suffisamment d'expérimentation, ce n'est même pas nécessaire pour le produit final.
Les grands chimistes de l'acide comme Pichard synthétisaient des kilos par mois, et je doute vraiment qu'ils aient pu chromatographier cette quantité de produit, ce qui est presque impossible avec une usine.
Les grands chimistes de l'acide comme Pichard synthétisaient des kilos par mois, et je doute vraiment qu'ils aient pu chromatographier cette quantité de produit, ce qui est presque impossible avec une usine.
@G.Patton @William Dampier, peut-on utiliser de l'hydroxyde de sodium ou de potassium à la place ?
L'hydroxyde d'ammonium est-il utilisé pour atteindre un certain PH ou donne-t-il un ion ?
Y a-t-il un vendeur qui propose : "hydroxyde d'ammonium (NH4OH)" ?
L'hydroxyde d'ammonium est-il utilisé pour atteindre un certain PH ou donne-t-il un ion ?
Y a-t-il un vendeur qui propose : "hydroxyde d'ammonium (NH4OH)" ?
Bonjour @William Dampier, merci pour l'itinéraire de synthèse.
Je ne suis pas un expert, je n'ai qu'une expérience de l'isomérisation du CBD en d8.
J'essaie maintenant de déterminer s'il m'est possible de fabriquer du LSD.
Mes objectifs actuels sont les suivants :
Je ne suis pas un expert, je n'ai qu'une expérience de l'isomérisation du CBD en d8.
J'essaie maintenant de déterminer s'il m'est possible de fabriquer du LSD.
Mes objectifs actuels sont les suivants :
- Trouver un itinéraire détaillé à partir de l'ester méthylique de l'acide D-lysergique
- Obtenir tous les réactifs
- Apprendre à manipuler les réactifs en toute sécurité
- Apprendre la chromatographie sur couche mince
- Apprendre la chromatographie sur colonne (Flash)
- Fabriquer du LSD
- Recyclage et élimination en toute sécurité des réactifs
- Vous écrivez que nous avons besoin de 0,84 g de diéthylamine (cas 109-89-7), est-ce exact ?
- Je pose la question parce que d'après https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/ c'est un liquide et je l'ai vu chez des vendeurs chinois vendu en kg.
- Quelles sont les plaques TLC les mieux adaptées à cette synthèse ?
- Letype H ne contient pas de liant de gypse calciné ni d'agent fluorescent.
- Le typeG ne contient pas d'agent fluorescent, mais contient un liant de gypse calciné.
- Le typeHF254 contient un agent fluorescent, mais pas de liant de gypse calciné.
- Le typeGF254 contient à la fois du liant de gypse calciné et de l'agent fluorescent.
- Pouvez-vous m'aider à trouver l'itinéraire de l'ester méthylique de l'acide D-lysergique ?
- By HerrHaber
Il se trouve que la diéthylamine n'est pas réglementée dans certains pays et que j'y ai accès, de sorte que des quantités subgrammes peuvent être envoyées, en particulier sous une forme protégée. Dans cette synthèse particulière, je pense qu'elle peut être éluée par le GF254.
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- By HerrHaber
Dans cette situation très particulière, le liquide est pesé pour plus de précision... en volumétrie, il faut une micropipette pour obtenir des quantités précises. Parfois, la précision est décisive en synthèse, et la méthyl-diéthylamine NMe(Et)2 doit également être précise. Les grands volumes sont rarement pesés.... car le volume est plus facile à obtenir en fonction de la viscosité et de la réactivité. Les liquides réactifs peuvent être pesés à l'aide d'une seringue, mais parfois, si la quantité est faible, elle est pipettée dans un flacon sur une balance, goutte à goutte, jusqu'à obtenir la masse nécessaire. L'atmosphère inerte est délicate et nécessite une ligne de schlenk et un équipement, idéalement une boîte à gants (ligne de schlenk et toutes les paraphrénies comme les pièges à argon et à azote liquide), une boîte à gants que j'ai rêvé de construire (j'ai en fait construit un microscope fonctionnel quand j'avais sept ans).
Existe-t-il une alternative à l'utilisation d'une machine à rotovap ?
- By William D.
Kit de distillation sous vide
Ensemble de 5 pièces avec 24/29 joints pour une distillation sous vide précise, en verre borosilicaté durable.En éliminant le travail de devinette pour trouver les bonnes tailles pour chaque composant, les ensembles de distillation sont complets et prêts à l'emploi. Avec des pièces résistantes aux produits chimiques et à la température, la verrerie...
us.vwr.comJe ne sais pas si j'ai un problème avec l'eau, mais je ne sais pas si j'ai un problème avec l'eau, mais je sais si j'ai un problème avec l'eau, mais je sais si j'ai un problème avec l'eau, mais je sais si j'ai un problème avec l'eau. Je n'arrive pas à me procurer ces réactifs. Est-ce qu'il y a une autre façon de purifier le la pour le pybop rxn ?
Ma question est de savoir si une autre amine peut remplacer la diéthylméthylamine ? Disons la diisopropylamine ou la diisopropyléthylamine ? N'importe quoi ?
- By SYN
Yes should be possible.
Amide Synthesis
The direct coupling between a carboxylic acid and an amine is competing with the acid/base proton exchange and it hardly is a suitable choice in synthetic chemistry.
www.fishersci.nl
- By mycelium
There are several animes that can be used in place of diethylamine, but they are not as strong or awesome. Let me see if I can find it and cut n paste, hold on
edical literature. A number of analogues of LSD have maintained the diethylamide group unchanged, but additions or changes have been made in the pyrrole ring.
ALD-52. 1-Acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide. This material has been explored in the 50-175 microgram range and there are a number of human trials reported, with varying conclusions. One found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD and it seems to produce less anxiety and was somewhat less potent than LSD. Another report claimed it was more effective in increasing blood pressure. Yet another could not tell them apart. ALD-52 just may have been the drug that was sold as "Orange Sunshine" during the "Summer of Love" in the late '60's. Or "Orange Sunshine" may have been, really, LSD. This was the focus of a fascinating trial where two defendants were accused of distributing LSD, whereas they claimed that it was ALD-52 which was not an illegal drug. The prosecution claimed that as it hydrolyses readily to LSD, for all intents and purposes it was LSD, and anyway, you had to go through the illegal LSD to get to ALD-52 by any of the known chemical syntheses. The defendants were found guilty. And yet, I do not know who has actually measured the speed or ease of that reaction. If ALD-52 hydrolyses so easily to LSD, and the body is indeed a hydrolytic instrument, then these two drugs should be absolutely equivalent in every particular, This is the ergot equivalent of the psilocybin to psilocin argument, except this is an acetamide rather than a phosphate ester. MLD-41. 1-Methyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide. The 1-methyl homologue of LSD is has more of somatic than sensory effect, has fewer visuals and is less well accepted than LSD, with the range of dosages being from 100 to 300 micrograms. This indicates that it is perhaps a third the potency of LSD which is in accord with both pupilary dilation and reflex action. However, the cardiovascular responses are actually increased. Besides being less potent than LSD, it appears to have a slower onset but it is equally long lived. There is cross-tolerance between MLD-41 and LSD. BOL-148. 2-Bromo-N,N-diethyllysergamide. This synthetic ergot derivative, along with its 1-methyl homologue MBL-61 (mentioned below) should be used as powerful tools for studying the mechanism of action of LSD in the human animal. It does not have LSD-like effects in man. At 6 to 10 milligrams orally, there are some mental changes noted. But in another study, 20 milligrams was administered a day to a subject for 7 days, and there were no reported effects. And yet it is as potent a serotonin agonist as is LSD. How can serotonin be argued as a neurotransmitter that is a major player in explaining the action of psychedelic drugs, when this compound is nearly without activity. There are some suggestions that an intravenous route may be more effective. I have heard of effects being noted at maybe a milligram and a short (2-3 hour) intoxication following 20 milligrams administered over a 20 minute period. I was involved many years ago in a study of radio-labelled BOL-148 which was made by the bromination of LSD. I was quite sure that the only radioactive material present was BOL-148, but there could well have been some unreacted LSD still present which would, of course, still be psychoactive. The synthesis is not clean -- I was tempted to make an entry for this compound if only to reproduce Albert Hofmann's original published experimental procedure. He reacted 13.2 grams of N-bromosuccinimide (in 400 mL dioxane, with 1.2 liters of dioxane containing 25 grams of LSD. This gave 11 grams of crude product which had to be recrystallized. The radioactive syntheses uses effectively elemental bromine, and gave yields of from 5 to 15%. Visualize that reaction! A warm flask containing over a quart of warm solvent in which there was maybe half a million doses of LSD. 1-Hydroxymethyl-LSD, 1-dimethylaminomethyl-LSD and 2-iodo-LSD. These three additional compounds are shown here because they were described in a synthetic flurry that followed the discovery the activity of LSD. But at the moment I know neither their internal Sandoz codes nor if they had ever been explored in man. This is a kind of frustrating catch-all entry, in that the long index will send you here, and once here you realize that nothing is known. Well, at least the compounds are known, and perhaps there is something in the Sandoz vaults that might be interesting. I do not have access to them. MBL-61. 2-Bromo-N,N-diethyl-1-methyllysergamide. This is the compound BOL-148 (mentioned above) with a methyl group attached to the 1-position of the indole ring (LSD has a hydrogen there). This would be an even more tantalizing challenge to the serotonin theory for central activity of the psychedelics, in that it is without any activity in man at an oral dose of 14 milligrams (similar to the inactivity of the BOL-61 compound, but it is some five times more potent as a serotonin agonist. With it, as with the iodinated analogue MIL, there are many examples of the compromising of scientific integrity in the quest for funds and recognition. Both compounds are as effective as LSD itself in displacing labelled LSD that is bound to the post-synaptic serotonin receptor sites in animal brains. But neither of them show any LSD-like activity. But both have been labelled with 11C or 122I to give positron emitting forms that can be administered to man and localized in a positron emission tomography instrument (a PET scanner). I was at a meeting of a NIDA study section a few years ago, where some one presented some findings with a group of subjects who were complaining of continuing mental problems allegedly due to LSD exposure. A chart was put up showing the outline of the brain showing the locations of the EEG foci that were observed in one of these subjects. Along side it was a PET scan showing the distribution of radioactive LSD in a subject. The purpose was to discuss the similarities and differences of the coordinates of electrical activity and radio-isotope concentration. I innocently asked what positron isotope had been used, as I did not know of any successful positron labelling of LSD. Carbon 11, I was told. Where in the molecule was the label incorporated, I asked. In the 1-position methyl group. It was finally acknowledged that the compound that had actually been used was 2-iodo-1-methyl-LSD, our MIL compound, which is quite a different world. A pharmacologist might say that they are similar in action (looking at serotonin, not psychedelic action), and a chemist might say they are of similar structure (looking at the upper 80% of the molecule. But they are different compounds. This is a most subtle form of deceit. It is, in fact, out and out dishonest, but it looks good up there on the screen at a lecture. Let me mention in passing, that there are three stereoisomers possible for d-LSD. There are d-iso-LSD, l-LSD, and l-iso-LSD. The inversion of the stereochemistry of the attached diethylcarboxyamido group of d-LSD gives the diastereoisomer (d-iso-LSD) which is a frequent synthetic impurity of d-LSD itself. The corresponding optical antipodes l-LSD and l-iso-LSD are also known and have been tasted. All three are completely inactive: d-iso-LSD shows no psychological changes at an oral dose of 4 milligrams; l-LSD none at up to 10 milligrams orally; and l-iso-LSD none at 500 micrograms orally. These dramatic decreases in potency show both the stereoselectivity of the native LSD molecule in producing its central effects, and the LSD-free purity of these isomers. The second major location of variations in the structure of LSD has been in the nature of the alkyl groups on the amide nitrogen atom. Some of these are Sandoz syntheses, some are from other research groups, and a few of them are found in nature. Some of these have been studied in man, and some have not. A few of the original clutch of Sandoz compounds have both 1-substituents and amide alkyl (R) group variations: indole--- amide nitrogen substituents --- R=R=R=code name -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -CH3 -CH3 -COCH3 -CH3 -H -CH3 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2OH -CH(CH3)CH2OH -(CH2)CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2OH -(CH2)4CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 -CH(CH2CH3)2 -(CH2)5CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3 -(CH2)6CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 -CH3 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)2 -CH(CH3)CH2C6H5 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)2 -CH2CH=CH2 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH2CH2CH2CH2- -CH2CH=CHCH2- -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- -CH2CH2OCH2CH2- -CH2CH3 -CH(CH2CH3)CH2OH -COCH3 -CH2CH2CH2CH2- -H -H -H -H -H* -H -H* -H* -H -H* -H -H -H* -H -H* -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CH3* -CH2CH3 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)2 -CH2CH=CH2 -(CH2)3CH3 -H -H* -CH2CH3 LA-111 LAE-32 Ergonovine Methergine DAM-57 LAMP LSD-25 DAL LPD-824 LSM-775 MLA-74 UML-491 ALA-10 MPD-75 In the amides marked with "*" there has been the introduction of a new asymmetric center, which of course doubles the number of isomers that is possible. In each case the resulting two optical forms were prepared separately, and evaluated separately as to their pharmacology. This listing is not intended to be thorough, but it is shown to suggest the amount of synthetic effort that has been made towards the exploring and understanding the high potency associated with those two remarkably important ethyl groups on the amide nitrogen of LSD. I have given the Sandoz code names, again, as far as I know them. Although none of these really warrant a dedicated recipe, there is sufficient animal and human pharmacology reported to justify listing them below as separate items. Most of these reports appeared in the mid-1950's but some studies are still being done and papers are published even today with new ideas but, sadly, only with animal pharmacology. I have been as guilty as the next person who has tried to mount all these compounds into a table with a "human potency" factor that compares them directly to LSD. This is an uncomfortable simplification. Here are the actual reported observations, and I'll let the reader provide his own potency index. LA-111, ergine, d-lysergamide. This is an active compound and has been established as a major component in morning glory seeds. It was assayed for human activity, by Albert Hofmann in self-trials back in 1947, well before this was known to be a natural compound. An i.m. administration of a 500 microgram dose led to a tired, dreamy state with an inability to maintain clear thoughts. After a short period of sleep, the effects were gone and normal baseline was recovered within five hours. Other observers have confirmed this clouding of consciousness leading to sleep. The epimer, inverted at C-8, is isoergine or d-isolysergamide, and is also a component of morning glory seeds. Hofmann tried a 2 milligram dose of this amide, and as with ergine, he experienced nothing but tiredness, apathy, and a feeling of emptiness. Both compounds are probably correctly dismissed as not being a contributor to the action of these seeds. It is important to note that ergine, as well as lysergic acid itself, is listed as a Schedule III drug in the Controlled Substances Act, as a depressant. This is, in all probability, a stratagem to control them as logical precursors to LSD. LAE-32, N-ethyllysergamide. Different people have observed and reported different effects, with different routes of administration. Subcutaneous administrations of from 500 to 750 micrograms have been said to produce a state of apathy and sedation. Clinical studies with dosages of 500 micrograms i.m. were felt to be less effective than the control use of 100 micrograms of LSD. And yet, oral doses of twice this amount, 1.6 milligrams, have been said to produce a short-lived LSD-like effect with none of these negatives. LPD-824, N-Pyrrolidyllysergamide. Five trials at a dosage of 800 micrograms orally led to the reporting of a fleeting effect that was similar to one tenth this amount of LSD. LSM-775, N-Morpholinyllysergamide. There are conflicting reports; one states that 75 micrograms is an effective dose, comparable to a similar dose of LSD, and the other stated that between 350 and 700 micrograms was needed to elicit this response, and that there were fewer signs of cardiovascular stimulation and peripheral toxicity. DAM-57, N,N-Dimethyllysergamide. This compound did induce autonomic disturbances at oral levels of some ten times the dosage required for LSD, presumably in the high hundreds of micrograms. There is some disagreement as to whether there were psychic changes observed. DAL, N,N-Diallyllysergamide. As the tartrate salt, there is at best a touch of sparkle seen at 600 micrograms orally, but there is a sedation also reported. It is certainly an order of magnitude less potent than LSD itself. UML-491, Methysergide, Sansert. This is the synthetic homologue of methergine (1-methyl) and is employed clinically as a treatment for migraine headaches. When the usual therapeutic dosage of two milligrams is scaled up by a factor of ten, there is a profound LSD-like response described by most subjects. A number of these ergot analogues from nature can be considered as potential precursors for the preparation of LSD. But here, there is a 1-methyl group that is effectively permanently attached, so it cannot play this role.
edical literature. A number of analogues of LSD have maintained the diethylamide group unchanged, but additions or changes have been made in the pyrrole ring.
ALD-52. 1-Acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide. This material has been explored in the 50-175 microgram range and there are a number of human trials reported, with varying conclusions. One found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD and it seems to produce less anxiety and was somewhat less potent than LSD. Another report claimed it was more effective in increasing blood pressure. Yet another could not tell them apart. ALD-52 just may have been the drug that was sold as "Orange Sunshine" during the "Summer of Love" in the late '60's. Or "Orange Sunshine" may have been, really, LSD. This was the focus of a fascinating trial where two defendants were accused of distributing LSD, whereas they claimed that it was ALD-52 which was not an illegal drug. The prosecution claimed that as it hydrolyses readily to LSD, for all intents and purposes it was LSD, and anyway, you had to go through the illegal LSD to get to ALD-52 by any of the known chemical syntheses. The defendants were found guilty. And yet, I do not know who has actually measured the speed or ease of that reaction. If ALD-52 hydrolyses so easily to LSD, and the body is indeed a hydrolytic instrument, then these two drugs should be absolutely equivalent in every particular, This is the ergot equivalent of the psilocybin to psilocin argument, except this is an acetamide rather than a phosphate ester. MLD-41. 1-Methyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide. The 1-methyl homologue of LSD is has more of somatic than sensory effect, has fewer visuals and is less well accepted than LSD, with the range of dosages being from 100 to 300 micrograms. This indicates that it is perhaps a third the potency of LSD which is in accord with both pupilary dilation and reflex action. However, the cardiovascular responses are actually increased. Besides being less potent than LSD, it appears to have a slower onset but it is equally long lived. There is cross-tolerance between MLD-41 and LSD. BOL-148. 2-Bromo-N,N-diethyllysergamide. This synthetic ergot derivative, along with its 1-methyl homologue MBL-61 (mentioned below) should be used as powerful tools for studying the mechanism of action of LSD in the human animal. It does not have LSD-like effects in man. At 6 to 10 milligrams orally, there are some mental changes noted. But in another study, 20 milligrams was administered a day to a subject for 7 days, and there were no reported effects. And yet it is as potent a serotonin agonist as is LSD. How can serotonin be argued as a neurotransmitter that is a major player in explaining the action of psychedelic drugs, when this compound is nearly without activity. There are some suggestions that an intravenous route may be more effective. I have heard of effects being noted at maybe a milligram and a short (2-3 hour) intoxication following 20 milligrams administered over a 20 minute period. I was involved many years ago in a study of radio-labelled BOL-148 which was made by the bromination of LSD. I was quite sure that the only radioactive material present was BOL-148, but there could well have been some unreacted LSD still present which would, of course, still be psychoactive. The synthesis is not clean -- I was tempted to make an entry for this compound if only to reproduce Albert Hofmann's original published experimental procedure. He reacted 13.2 grams of N-bromosuccinimide (in 400 mL dioxane, with 1.2 liters of dioxane containing 25 grams of LSD. This gave 11 grams of crude product which had to be recrystallized. The radioactive syntheses uses effectively elemental bromine, and gave yields of from 5 to 15%. Visualize that reaction! A warm flask containing over a quart of warm solvent in which there was maybe half a million doses of LSD. 1-Hydroxymethyl-LSD, 1-dimethylaminomethyl-LSD and 2-iodo-LSD. These three additional compounds are shown here because they were described in a synthetic flurry that followed the discovery the activity of LSD. But at the moment I know neither their internal Sandoz codes nor if they had ever been explored in man. This is a kind of frustrating catch-all entry, in that the long index will send you here, and once here you realize that nothing is known. Well, at least the compounds are known, and perhaps there is something in the Sandoz vaults that might be interesting. I do not have access to them. MBL-61. 2-Bromo-N,N-diethyl-1-methyllysergamide. This is the compound BOL-148 (mentioned above) with a methyl group attached to the 1-position of the indole ring (LSD has a hydrogen there). This would be an even more tantalizing challenge to the serotonin theory for central activity of the psychedelics, in that it is without any activity in man at an oral dose of 14 milligrams (similar to the inactivity of the BOL-61 compound, but it is some five times more potent as a serotonin agonist. With it, as with the iodinated analogue MIL, there are many examples of the compromising of scientific integrity in the quest for funds and recognition. Both compounds are as effective as LSD itself in displacing labelled LSD that is bound to the post-synaptic serotonin receptor sites in animal brains. But neither of them show any LSD-like activity. But both have been labelled with 11C or 122I to give positron emitting forms that can be administered to man and localized in a positron emission tomography instrument (a PET scanner). I was at a meeting of a NIDA study section a few years ago, where some one presented some findings with a group of subjects who were complaining of continuing mental problems allegedly due to LSD exposure. A chart was put up showing the outline of the brain showing the locations of the EEG foci that were observed in one of these subjects. Along side it was a PET scan showing the distribution of radioactive LSD in a subject. The purpose was to discuss the similarities and differences of the coordinates of electrical activity and radio-isotope concentration. I innocently asked what positron isotope had been used, as I did not know of any successful positron labelling of LSD. Carbon 11, I was told. Where in the molecule was the label incorporated, I asked. In the 1-position methyl group. It was finally acknowledged that the compound that had actually been used was 2-iodo-1-methyl-LSD, our MIL compound, which is quite a different world. A pharmacologist might say that they are similar in action (looking at serotonin, not psychedelic action), and a chemist might say they are of similar structure (looking at the upper 80% of the molecule. But they are different compounds. This is a most subtle form of deceit. It is, in fact, out and out dishonest, but it looks good up there on the screen at a lecture. Let me mention in passing, that there are three stereoisomers possible for d-LSD. There are d-iso-LSD, l-LSD, and l-iso-LSD. The inversion of the stereochemistry of the attached diethylcarboxyamido group of d-LSD gives the diastereoisomer (d-iso-LSD) which is a frequent synthetic impurity of d-LSD itself. The corresponding optical antipodes l-LSD and l-iso-LSD are also known and have been tasted. All three are completely inactive: d-iso-LSD shows no psychological changes at an oral dose of 4 milligrams; l-LSD none at up to 10 milligrams orally; and l-iso-LSD none at 500 micrograms orally. These dramatic decreases in potency show both the stereoselectivity of the native LSD molecule in producing its central effects, and the LSD-free purity of these isomers. The second major location of variations in the structure of LSD has been in the nature of the alkyl groups on the amide nitrogen atom. Some of these are Sandoz syntheses, some are from other research groups, and a few of them are found in nature. Some of these have been studied in man, and some have not. A few of the original clutch of Sandoz compounds have both 1-substituents and amide alkyl (R) group variations: indole--- amide nitrogen substituents --- R=R=R=code name -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -CH3 -CH3 -COCH3 -CH3 -H -CH3 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2OH -CH(CH3)CH2OH -(CH2)CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2OH -(CH2)4CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 -CH(CH2CH3)2 -(CH2)5CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3 -(CH2)6CH3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 -CH3 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)2 -CH(CH3)CH2C6H5 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)2 -CH2CH=CH2 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH2CH2CH2CH2- -CH2CH=CHCH2- -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- -CH2CH2OCH2CH2- -CH2CH3 -CH(CH2CH3)CH2OH -COCH3 -CH2CH2CH2CH2- -H -H -H -H -H* -H -H* -H* -H -H* -H -H -H* -H -H* -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CH3* -CH2CH3 -CH2CH3 -(CH2)2CH3 -CH(CH3)2 -CH2CH=CH2 -(CH2)3CH3 -H -H* -CH2CH3 LA-111 LAE-32 Ergonovine Methergine DAM-57 LAMP LSD-25 DAL LPD-824 LSM-775 MLA-74 UML-491 ALA-10 MPD-75 In the amides marked with "*" there has been the introduction of a new asymmetric center, which of course doubles the number of isomers that is possible. In each case the resulting two optical forms were prepared separately, and evaluated separately as to their pharmacology. This listing is not intended to be thorough, but it is shown to suggest the amount of synthetic effort that has been made towards the exploring and understanding the high potency associated with those two remarkably important ethyl groups on the amide nitrogen of LSD. I have given the Sandoz code names, again, as far as I know them. Although none of these really warrant a dedicated recipe, there is sufficient animal and human pharmacology reported to justify listing them below as separate items. Most of these reports appeared in the mid-1950's but some studies are still being done and papers are published even today with new ideas but, sadly, only with animal pharmacology. I have been as guilty as the next person who has tried to mount all these compounds into a table with a "human potency" factor that compares them directly to LSD. This is an uncomfortable simplification. Here are the actual reported observations, and I'll let the reader provide his own potency index. LA-111, ergine, d-lysergamide. This is an active compound and has been established as a major component in morning glory seeds. It was assayed for human activity, by Albert Hofmann in self-trials back in 1947, well before this was known to be a natural compound. An i.m. administration of a 500 microgram dose led to a tired, dreamy state with an inability to maintain clear thoughts. After a short period of sleep, the effects were gone and normal baseline was recovered within five hours. Other observers have confirmed this clouding of consciousness leading to sleep. The epimer, inverted at C-8, is isoergine or d-isolysergamide, and is also a component of morning glory seeds. Hofmann tried a 2 milligram dose of this amide, and as with ergine, he experienced nothing but tiredness, apathy, and a feeling of emptiness. Both compounds are probably correctly dismissed as not being a contributor to the action of these seeds. It is important to note that ergine, as well as lysergic acid itself, is listed as a Schedule III drug in the Controlled Substances Act, as a depressant. This is, in all probability, a stratagem to control them as logical precursors to LSD. LAE-32, N-ethyllysergamide. Different people have observed and reported different effects, with different routes of administration. Subcutaneous administrations of from 500 to 750 micrograms have been said to produce a state of apathy and sedation. Clinical studies with dosages of 500 micrograms i.m. were felt to be less effective than the control use of 100 micrograms of LSD. And yet, oral doses of twice this amount, 1.6 milligrams, have been said to produce a short-lived LSD-like effect with none of these negatives. LPD-824, N-Pyrrolidyllysergamide. Five trials at a dosage of 800 micrograms orally led to the reporting of a fleeting effect that was similar to one tenth this amount of LSD. LSM-775, N-Morpholinyllysergamide. There are conflicting reports; one states that 75 micrograms is an effective dose, comparable to a similar dose of LSD, and the other stated that between 350 and 700 micrograms was needed to elicit this response, and that there were fewer signs of cardiovascular stimulation and peripheral toxicity. DAM-57, N,N-Dimethyllysergamide. This compound did induce autonomic disturbances at oral levels of some ten times the dosage required for LSD, presumably in the high hundreds of micrograms. There is some disagreement as to whether there were psychic changes observed. DAL, N,N-Diallyllysergamide. As the tartrate salt, there is at best a touch of sparkle seen at 600 micrograms orally, but there is a sedation also reported. It is certainly an order of magnitude less potent than LSD itself. UML-491, Methysergide, Sansert. This is the synthetic homologue of methergine (1-methyl) and is employed clinically as a treatment for migraine headaches. When the usual therapeutic dosage of two milligrams is scaled up by a factor of ten, there is a profound LSD-like response described by most subjects. A number of these ergot analogues from nature can be considered as potential precursors for the preparation of LSD. But here, there is a 1-methyl group that is effectively permanently attached, so it cannot play this role.
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This is a link to shulgins LSD synth, with lots of notes on the switching out different amines
- By mycelium
This is a link to shulgins LSD synth, with lots of notes on the switching out different amines
